图书简介

List of Boxes; Preface; About the Author; PART I: FOCUS AND DEVELOPMENT; 1. The Urban World; Introduction; The Process of Urbanization; Urban Growth; Megacities; The Urban Explosion; Defining Urban Areas; Urbanization and Urbanism; Urbanization; Urbanism ; Organizing the Study of Urban Life; Concepts of the City; Urban Change and Confusion; Rural Simplicity versus Urban Complexity ; Early Social Theories and Urban Change; European Theorists; The Chicago School; Summary; Key Concepts; Review Questions; 2. The Emergence of Cities; Introduction; The Ecological Complex; Political Economy Models; First Settlements; Agricultural Revolution; Population Expansion; Mesoamerica; Interactions of Population, Organization, Environment, and Technology; City Populations; Evolution in Social Organization; Division of Labor; Kingship and Social Class; Technological and Social Evolution; Urban Revolution; Survival of the City; The Hellenic City; Social Invention; Physical Design and Planning; Population; Diffusion of People and Ideas; Rome; Size and Number of Cities; Housing and Planning; Transportation; Life and Leisure ; European Urbanization until the Industrial City; The Medieval Feudal System; Town Revival; Characteristics of Towns; Plague; Renaissance Cities; Industrial Cities; Technological Improvements and the Industrial Revolution; The Second Urban Revolution; Summary; Key Concepts; Review Questions; PART II: AMERICAN URBANIZATION; 3. The Rise of Urban America; Introduction; Colonists as Town Builders; Major Settlements; New England; The Middle Colonies; The South; Canada; Colonial Urban Influence; Cities of the New Nation: 1790-1860; Rapid Growth; Marketplace Centers; The Industrial City: 1860-1950; Technological Developments; Spatial Concentration; Twentieth-Century Dispersion; Political Life; Corruption and Urban Services; Political Bosses; Immigrants? Problems; Reform Movements; Urban Imagery; Ambivalence; Myth of Rural Virtue; Summary; Key Concepts; Review Questions; 4. Ecology and Political Economy Perspectives; Introduction; Development of Urban Ecology; Invasion and Succession; Criticisms of Ecology; Role of Culture ; Burgess?s Growth Hypothesis; Concentric Zones; Limitations; Sector and Multiple-Nuclei Models; Urban Growth Outside North America; The Postmodern City: The Los Angeles School; Political Economy Models; Political Economy Assumptions; Examples of the Political Economy Approach; The Baltimore Study; Urban Growth Machines; World Systems Theory and Globalization; Challenges; Summary; Key Concepts; Review Questions; 5. Metro and Edge City Growth; Introduction; Metropolitan Growth; In-Movement: 1900 to 1950; Out-Movement: 1950 into the Twenty-First Century; Commuting and Communication; Canadian Urban Regions; Post-industrial Central Cities; Edge Cities; Edgeless and Private Edge Cities; Boomburgs; Suburban Business Growth; End of Malling of the Land; Malls and Street Safety ; Non-metropolitan Growth; Diffuse Growth; National Society ; The Rise of the Sunbelt; Population and Economic Shifts; Regional Consequences; Sunbelt Problems ; Movement to the Coasts; Summary; Key Concepts; Review Questions; 6. The Suburban Era; Introduction; Suburban Dominance; Emergence of Suburbs; The Nineteenth Century; Electric Streetcar Era: 1890-1920; Annexation; Automobile Suburbs: 1920-1950; Mass Suburbanization: 1950-1990; Metro Sprawl: 1990-2010; Causes of Suburban Growth; Postwar Exodus; Non-reasons; Contemporary Suburbia; Categories of Suburbs; Persistence of Characteristics?; Ethnic and Religious Variation; High-Income Suburbs; Gated Communities; Common-Interest Developments; Working-Class Suburbs; Commercial Definitions ; Exurbs; Rurban Areas; Characteristics of Suburbanites; Suburban Poverty; The Myth of Suburbia; Minority Suburbanization; Suburban Diversity; Black Flight; Integration or Resegregation?; Latino Suburbanization; Asian Suburbanites; Summary; Key Concepts; Review Questions; Part III: Metropolitan Life; 7. Urban Culture and Lifestyles; Introduction; Social Psychology of Urban Life; Early Formulations; The Chicago School; Urbanism as a Way of Life; Re-evaluations of Urbanism and Social Disorganization; Determinist Theory; Compositional Theory; Subcultural Theory ; Characteristics of Urban Populations; Age; Gender; Race, Ethnicity, and Religion; Declining Middle Class ; Urban Lifestyles; Cosmopolites; Unmarried or Childless; Gay Households; Ethnic Villagers; Neighborhood Characteristics; Deprived or Trapped; A Final Note of Caution; Summary; Key Concepts; Review Questions; 8. The Social Environment of Metro Areas: Strangers, Crowding, Homelessness, and Crime ; Introduction; Dealing with Strangers; Codes of Urban Behavior; Altruism; Neighboring; Neighbors and Just Neighbors; Defining Community; Categories of Local Communities; Density and Crowding; Crowding Research; Practical Implications; Homelessness; Characteristics of the Homeless; Social Problems; SRO Housing ; Urban Crime; Crime and Perceptions of Crime; Broken Windows Theory and Predictive Policing; Crime and City Size; Crime and Male Youth; Crime and Race; Crime Variations within Cities; Crime in the Suburbs ; Summary; Key Concepts; Review Questions; 9. Diversity: Women, Ethnics, and African Americans; Introduction; Women in Metropolitan Life; Female Domesticity; Gendered Organization of Residential Space; Feminist Housing Preferences; Cohousing and Downsizing; Current Housing Choices; Gendered Public Spaces; Workplace Changes ; White Ethnic Groups; Immigration; First-Wave Immigrants; Second-Wave Immigrants; Third-Wave Immigrants; Racial Inferiority and Immigration; African Americans; Historical Patterns; Population Changes; Slavery in Cities; Free Persons of Color; Jim Crow Laws; The Great Migration; Moving South; Urban Segregation Patterns; Extent of Segregation; Housing Discrimination; Twenty-First-Century Diversity; The Economically Successful; The Disadvantaged; Summary; Key Concepts; Review Questions; 10. Diversity: Latinos, Asians, and Native Americans; Introduction; New-Wave Immigrants; Recent Immigration Impact on Cities; Melting Pot or Cultural Pluralism ; Latino Population; Legal Status; Growth; Diversity; Mexican Americans; Mexican Diversity; Education; Urbanization; Housing and Other Patterns; Political Involvement; Puerto Ricans; Asian Americans; A Model Minority?; Asian Residential Segregation; The Case of Japanese Americans; Internment Camps; Japanese Americans Today; Native Americans; Nonurban Orientation; Movement to Cities ; Summary; Key Concepts; Review Questions; PART IV: METRO ISSUES, HOUSING, SPRAWL, AND PLANNING; 11. Cities and Change; Introduction; The Urban Crisis: Thesis; Urban Revival: Antithesis; A Political Economy Look at the Urban Crisis; Twenty-First-Century City Developments; New Patterns; Central Business Districts; Mismatch Hypothesis; Downtown Housing; Fiscal Health; Crumbling Infrastructure; Neighborhood Revival ; Gentrification; Government and Revitalization; Who Is Gentrifying?; Why Is Gentrification Taking Place?; Displacement of the Poor; Decline of Middle-Income Neighborhoods; Successful Working-Class Revival; Summary; Key Concepts; Review Questions; 12. Housing Policies, Sprawl, and Smart Growth; Introduction; Housing in the Twenty-First Century; Mobility; Housing Costs; Changing Households; Return Nesters ; Changing Federal Role; Federal Housing Administration (FHA) Programs; Subsidizing Segregation; Upper- and Middle-Class Housing Subsidies; Back to the City?; Urban Redevelopment Policies; Critique of Urban Renewal; Phasing Out Public Housing; Urban Homesteading; Rent Vouchers: Section 8; Hope VI Projects; Tax Credits; Designing for Safety; Growth Control; Suburban Sprawl; Auto-Driven Sprawl; Amount of Sprawl; Costs and Consequences; Smart Growth; Advantages; Legislation; Summary; Key Concepts; Review Questions; 13. Planning, New Towns, and New Urbanism; Introduction; Ancient Greece and Rome; Renaissance and Later Developments; American Planning; Washington, DC; Nineteenth-Century Towns; Early Planned Communities; Parks; The City Beautiful Movement; Tenement Reform; Twentieth and Twenty-First Century Patterns; The City Efficient; Zoning and Beyond; Master Plans to Equity Planning; Crime Prevention through Environmental Design; European Planning; Planning and Control of Land; Housing Priorities; Transportation; Urban Growth Policies; The Dutch Approach; New Towns; British New Towns; New Towns in Europe ; American New Towns; Public-Built New Towns; Federal Support for New Towns; Private New Towns: Reston, Columbia, and Irvine; Research Parks; New Urbanism or Traditional Neighborhood Developments; Celebration; Creating Community; Limitations; Summary; Key Concepts; Review Questions; PART V: WORLDWIDE URBANIZATION; 14. Developing Countries; Developing Countries; Megacities; Plan of Organization; Common or Divergent Paths? ; Developing-Country Increases; Rich Countries and Poor Countries; Global Cities; Characteristics of Third World Cities; Youthful Age Structure; Multinationals; The Informal Economy; Squatter Settlements; Primate Cities; Overurbanization?; The Twenty-First Century; Summary; Key Concepts; Review Questions; 15. Asian Urban Patterns; Introduction; Asian Cities; Indigenous Cities; Colonial Background Cities; India; Delhi; Mumbai (Bombay); Kolkata (Calcutta); Prognosis; China; Treaty Ports; Forced Movement from Cities; Rural to Urban Migration; Special Economic Zones; Shanghai; Beijing; Hong Kong; Japan; Extent of Urbanization; Current Patterns; Tokyo; Planning; Planned New Towns; Suburbanization; Southeast Asia; General Patterns; Singapore; Other Cities; Summary; Key Concepts; Review Questions; 16. African and Latin American Urbanization; Introduction; Africa; Challenges; Responses; Regional Variations; Urban Development; Early Cities; Colonial Period; Indigenous African Cities; Contemporary Patterns; Social Composition of African Cities; Ethnic and Traditional Bonds; Status of Women; Differences from the Western Pattern; Latin America: An Urban Continent; Spanish Colonial Cities; Colonial Organization; Physical Structure; Recent Developments; Urban Growth; Economic Change; Brazil; Urban Characteristics; Crime; Shantytowns; The Future of Settlements; Maquiladoras; Myth of Marginality; A Success Story ; Summary; Key Concepts; Review Questions; PART VI: CONCLUSION; 17. Toward the Urban Future; Recapitulation; Urban Concentration; Deconcentration; Concentration Again?; Issues and Challenges; Urban Funding; People versus Places; Changing Metropolitan Population; Suburban Changes ; Social Planning Approaches; Three Approaches to Social Planning; Social Planning and Technology; Planning for the Future City; Past Planned Utopias; New World Class Cities; Las Vegas; Quality-of-Life Planning; Middle-Range Planning; Bike Sharing; Smart Cities; Metropolitan Political Systems; A Working City; Toward a Metropolitan Future; Summary; Key Concepts; Review Questions; Name Index; Subject Index $ https://global.oup.com/academic/product/9780190903169 $ Population & demography; Social & cultural anthropology, ethnography

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