图书简介
The investigation of the brain by means of ultrasound has acquired increasing importance in the last years because it permits insight into the spatial relationships within the intact human skull in a short time without endangering the patient. The road from the first ultra sonic investigations on the exposed brain to the detection of intracranial midline shifts on the intact skull, the registration of echo pulsations and recently, to ultrasonotomography has been a long one already. However, this development is by no means at an end. Following the suggestion of numerous colleagues concerned with echo-encephalography in this country and abroad, the Neurosurgical Clinic of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg organized an ’International Symposium on Echo-Encephalography’ on April 14th and 15th, 1967. Here there was an open exchange of experience on the results obtained up to the present. The limitations of the method and sources of error as well as the directions of future development of the ultrasonic echo procedure were discussed.
I. Physical and Anatomical Principles.- The Physical Principles in the Use of the Ultrasound Echo Method.- The Physical Properties of Ultrasound.- The Morphologic Basis of the Abnormal Echo-Encephalogram.- The Correlation between Echo-Encephalographic and Pneumoencephalographic Findings.- Relationships between Radiological Anatomy and Echo-Encephalography.- The Anatomical Basis of the End Echo in Echo-Encephalography from an Experimental Point of View.- Determination of Compressibility by Ultrasound and its Diagnostic Significance for Pathological Indurations, Degenerations and Pulsations.- II. One-Dimensional Echo-Encephalography (A-Scan).- Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Brain Tumors.- Results of Four Years’ Experience with Echo-Encephalography of Brain Tumors.- Echo-Encephalography: A Method of Estimating Frontal Midline Displacement.- Echo-Encephalography with Tumors of the Cerebral Hemispheres.- The Importance of the Non-Midline Echoes in A-Scan Echo-Encephalography with a Commentary on their Relevance to the Reliability of the Method.- Echo-Encephalographic Findings with Midline Tumors and Tumors of the Base of the Skull.- The Intra-Operative Utilization of Ultrasound in the Localization of Cerebral Mass Lesions.- A-Scan Echo-Encephalography in Acute and Chronic Head Injuries.- Problems in the Differential Diagnosis of Hematoma Echoes with Posttraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhages.- Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Head Injury.- Recognition and Differential Diagnosis of Intracranial Complications Following Head Injuries by Means of Echo-Encephalography.- Difficulties in the Interpretation of Echo-Encephalographic Findings with Head Injuries.- The Value of Echo-Encephalography with Acute Life-Threatening, Closed Head Injuries.- The Reliability and Limitations of Echo-Encephalography in Acute Neurological Conditions.- Problems with Echo-Encephalography in the Post-Operative Phase.- Echo-Encephalographic Investigations of Cadaver Skulls with Artificial Epidural Hematomas.- Echo-Encephalography in the Diagnosis of Ventricular Dilatation.- The Echo-Encephalogram of the Third Ventricle in Different Age Groups.- Comparative Studies of Edio-Ventriculography and Cerebral Pneumography in Infantile Hydrocephalus and Cerebral Malformations.- Echo-Encephalographic Investigations with Hydrocephalus of Various Origins, Especially Infantile Hydrocephalus.- Echo-Encephalography with Infantile Encephalopathies and their Sequelae.- The Echo-Encephalogram with Hydrocephalus and Subdural Effusions in Childhood.- Sources of Error in Echo-Encephalograms of Children with Brain Atrophy.- The Diagnostic Possibilities of Echo-Encephalography.- Contribution of Echo-Encephalography to the Differential Diagnosis of Cerebral Hemorrhage and Brain Softening.- Study of Echo-Encephalographic Results Correlated with Electroencephalographs, Anatomic and Neuroradiologic Data in 649 Cases.- The Diagnostic Value of Echo-Encephalographic Evidence.- Echo-Encephalographic Experience with Surgical Patients.- Experience with Echo-Encephalography in a Specialist Neurological Practice.- Anatomical and Technical Causes of Errors in Echo-Encephalography.- Reliability and Limitations of A-Scan Echo-Encephalography.- III. Echo-Pulsations.- A Method for Recording the Intracranial Pressure with the Aid of the Echo-Encephalographic Technique.- Registration of Cerebral Echo-Pulsations and Comparison with Rheo-Encephalographic Oscillations.- Recording Arterial Pulse Curves with Ultrasound. — Experimental Investigations and Diagnostic Possibilities.- IV. Two-Dimensional Echo-Encephalography (B-Scan).- Two-Dimensional Echo-Encephalography Using Immersion Scanning: Recent Results.- Ultrasonotomography of the Brain.- Two-Dimensional Echo-Encephalography in the Diagnosis of Infantile Hydrocephalus.- Two-Dimensional Echo-Encephalography (“B-Scan”): Description of a Modified Horizontal Plane Found
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