图书简介
This book elucidates the theoretical structure and scope of interpersonal and intra-personal aggregation--a trade-off between benefits to a group of individuals and losses to another group of individuals--and defends a form of aggregation -- formal aggregation -- that resolves a variety of outstanding problems arising from the conventional understanding of aggregation, including the Number Problem concerning the moral relevance of the number of individuals.
I. A Theory of Aggregation ; 1 Why Aggregation?; 1.1 Aggregation in ethics; 1.2 Example I: QALY aggregation; 1.3 Example II: Taurek’s Rescue Case Rescue Case; 1.4 The structure of this book; 2 The Structure of Aggregation; 2.1 Aggregation defined; 2.2 What is aggregative and what is not?; 2.3 The structure of interpersonal aggregation; 2.3.1 Interpersonal comparability; 2.3.2 Impartiality; 2.3.3 Pareto; 2.3.4 Continuity; 3 Formal and Substantive Aggregation; 3.1 Counterexample to interpersonal aggregation: the World Cup Case; 3.2 Hidden assumptions; 3.3 Substantive and formal aggregation aggregation; 3.4 Formal aggregation in perspective; 4 Aggregation and the Separateness of Persons; 4.1 The separateness of persons: Rawls’s strict account; 4.2 The wider account; 4.3 Defusing the wider account; 4.4 The separateness objection and contractarianism; 4.5 Scanlon’s contractualism; 5 Intra-Personal Aggregation; 5.1 Who supports intra-personal aggregation?; 5.2 The structure of intra-personal aggregation; 5.3 The objection to intra-personal continuity; 5.4 The objection to temporal symmetry; II The Number Problem ; 6 Taurek’s argument for the coin-toss; 6.1 Taurek and the Rescue Case; 6.2 Taurek (1): the permissibility claim; 6.3 Taurek (2): the no-worse claim; 6.4 Taurek (3): the equal respect claim; 6.5 Two remarks on Taurek’s argument Taurek’s argument; 6.6 Critics of aggregation (1): Nozick; 6.7 Critics of aggregation (2): Rawls; 6.8 Critics of aggregation (3): Nagel; 6.9 Three solutions and many intuitions; 7 Four Responses:; Kavka, Kamm, Scanlon, and Schelling; 7.1 How to deal with Taurek’s claim?; 7.2 Kavka on Taurek; 7.3 The Kamm-Scanlon argument Kamm-Scanlon argument; 7.4 Kamm’s Argument for Best Outcomes; 7.5 Schelling’s probabilistic argument; 8 Irrelevant Utilities and Formal Aggregation; 8.1 The principle of irrelevant utilities; 8.2 The objection to the principle of irrelevant utilities; 8.3 Taking unfairness seriously; 8.4 The Large Scale Rescue Case revisited; 8.5 The force of aggregation; 9 Weighted Lotteries; 9.1 The third proposal: weighted lotteries; 9.2 The appeal of weighted lotteries; 9.3 The procedure of proportional chances: two criticisms criticisms; 9.4 The general weighted lotteries: two-step criticism; 9.5 An additional problem; Conclusion
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